Mitigation of petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated hazardous soils using organic amendments: A review

The term “Total petroleum hydrocarbons” (TPH) is used to describe a complex mixture of petroleum-based hydrocarbons primarily derived from crude oil. Those compounds are considered as persistent organic pollutants in the terrestrial environment. A wide array amendments increasingly for remediation TPH-contaminated soils. Organic not only supply source carbon and nutrients but also add exogenous beneficial microorganisms enhance TPH degradation rate, thereby improving soil health. Two fundamental approaches can be contemplated within context soils using amendments: (i) enhanced sorption matter (immobilization) it reduces bioavailability contaminants, (ii) increasing solubility contaminants by supplying desorbing agents (mobilization) enhancing subsequent biodegradation. Net immobilization mobilization have both been observed following application contaminated This review examines mechanisms discusses influencing factors relation sequestration, bioavailability, biodegradation uncertainty various processes remains critical area future research.